SAT Subject Test Dates 2015 - 2016 How to Choose

SAT Subject Test Dates 2015 - 2016 How to Choose SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips On the off chance that you’re anticipating applying to profoundly specific schools, you might be required to take a few SAT Subject Tests. Subject Tests are offered nearly the same number of times during the time as the normal SAT. In this article, I’ll experience the dates and enrollment cutoff times and give you arrangements of the subjects that are offered on each date. SAT Subject Test Dates: 2015-16 SAT Subject Tests are offered on five of the six customary SAT test dates coming up during this school year (the standard SAT test date in March won't offer SAT Subject Tests).Here are the dates and enlistment cutoff times: SAT Subject Test Date Typical Registration Deadline Late Registration Deadline November 7, 2015 October 9, 2015 October 27, 2015 December 5, 2015 November 5, 2015 November 23, 2015 January 23, 2016 December 28, 2015 January 12, 2016 May 7, 2016 April 8, 2016 April 26, 2016 June 4, 2016 May 5, 2016 May 25, 2016 Remember that not every single subject test are offered on every one of these dates.This diagram records all the SAT Subject Tests and whether they will be offered on every one of the five test dates during this school year.The most well known tests, similar to Biology and Math 1 and 2, are offered on all dates. Subject Test Nov. 7, 2015 Dec. 5, 2015 Jan. 23, 2016 May 7, 2016 Jun. 4, 2016 Science E/M âÅ" âÅ" âÅ" âÅ" âÅ" Science âÅ" âÅ" âÅ" âÅ" âÅ" Material science âÅ" âÅ" âÅ" âÅ" âÅ" Math 1 âÅ" âÅ" âÅ" âÅ" âÅ" Math 2 âÅ" âÅ" âÅ" âÅ" âÅ" Writing âÅ" âÅ" âÅ" âÅ" âÅ" US History âÅ" âÅ" âÅ" âÅ" âÅ" World History âÅ" âÅ" French âÅ" âÅ" âÅ" âÅ" German âÅ" Spanish âÅ" âÅ" âÅ" âÅ" Present day Hebrew âÅ" Italian âÅ" Latin âÅ" âÅ" French with Listening âÅ" German with Listening âÅ" Spanish with Listening âÅ" Chinese with Listening âÅ" Japanese with Listening âÅ" Korean with Listening âÅ" Here's another table with an alternate association that may make it simpler for you to see which tests are offered on each date. I just incorporated the subject tests that are offered on certain dates however not all. Science E/M, Chemistry, Physics, Math 1, Math 2, Literature and US History are offered on all test dates, so they are excluded from this graph: Test Date World History French German Spanish Present day Hebrew Italian Latin Nov. 7, 2015 Dec. 5, 2015 âÅ" âÅ" âÅ" âÅ" Jan. 23, 2016 âÅ" âÅ" May 7, 2016 âÅ" âÅ" Jun. 4, 2016 âÅ" âÅ" âÅ" âÅ" âÅ" âÅ" âÅ" Test Date French with Listening German with Listening Spanish with Listening Chinese with Listening Japanese with Listening Korean with Listening Nov. 7, 2015 âÅ" âÅ" âÅ" âÅ" âÅ" âÅ" Dec. 5, 2015 Jan. 23, 2016 May 7, 2016 Jun. 4, 2016 Which Test Date Should You Choose? In the event that you realize you need to step through subject examinations, it’s essential to design strategically.You should ensure that you step through your subject examinations out on the town that doesn’t strife with other major commitments.Plan on stepping through subject examinations at an a lot prior or later date than the ordinary SAT so you have the opportunity to read for both and don’t end up with low scores on either. May and June are generally acceptable SAT subject test datesbecause they’re toward the finish of the school year, so you will be at your greatest degree of information for the subjects (expecting you took the applicable class this year). Rememberthat you don’t need to hold up until your lesser year to take subject tests.If you take a class sophomore year that straightforwardly relates to one of the subject tests, you can feel free to step through the examination toward the finish of that school year.Taking subject tests while the material is still new in your psyche is the most ideal approach to stay away from extended periods of time of studying.Some tests, in the same way as other of the language tests, are not offered in the spring, so ensure you check that you can step through your picked exam on the date that intrigues you. You ought to likewise take note of that you can take up to three subject tests on one test date (albeit just one listening subject test is permitted per test date).Each subject test is an hour long, so regardless of whether you step through three examinations in a single day you won’t invest as much energy at the test community as you would for the standard SAT. You should not have to step through three exams; the number relies upon the prerequisites of the universities where you plan on applying. Most specific schools just expect understudies to take two subject tests.If you're stepping through two subject exams on one test date, you should attempt to pick them carefully with the goal that they pair well together. For instance, in the event that you have to take Math 2 and math is an extreme subject for you, you ought to pick a subsequent subject test in a territory where you feel increasingly good so you can adjust your feelings of anxiety. Try not to go excessively far down Stress Street or you won't have the option to return to Relaxation Road. Unwinding Road: the name of my presentation surrounding chill collection. What's Next? Is it accurate to say that you are considering what scores you should focus on SAT Subject Tests? Become familiar with what a decent score may mean for you. You may have heard that some SAT Subject Tests are simpler than others. Discover which tests are the most straightforward and why. In case you're stressed over time pressure on subject tests, look at this article portrays the length and arrangement of each test and how you can conquer issues with time. Need some additional assistance preparing for your Subject Tests? We have the business' driving SAT Subject Test prep programs (for all non-language Subject Tests). Worked by Harvard graduates and SAT Subject Test full or 99th %ile scorers, the program learns your qualities and shortcomings through cutting edge measurements, at that point alters your prep program to you with the goal that you get the best prep conceivable. Become familiar with our Subject Test items underneath:

History Essays For Sale

History Essays For SaleThe UK has a number of universities and colleges that provide history essays for sale. You can find these essays on the internet in a wide range of subjects, including history, modern history, world history, and modern classics. If you are an English major, it might be a good idea to apply for a history essay for sale job.If you are a student who has an interest in studying English literature, there is another option. Writing essays is a skill that is required in a variety of different jobs. There are many companies that offer essay writing and editing services. These companies have a wide range of skills that include English grammar, proofreading, and rewriting.Before applying for an essay writing or editing job, you will want to look over your resume. You should be sure that you have listed all of your past work experiences and included them in your employment history. You should also check out what positions you have held and make sure that they are listed o n your resume. Some employers are actually very specific about the types of careers you may have held before. This can be very helpful to know before you apply for a history essay for sale job.Now that you have everything included in your resume, you should start looking for a job. You can do this through your employer or by applying online. Just make sure that you apply with the same qualifications that you listed on your resume. If you do not list them, then the employer will not be able to see them.Once you have applied for a position, your employer will generally call you for an interview. Make sure that you are prepared. Prepare some questions for the interviewer to ask you during the interview. Make sure that you include your contact information so that you do not forget to answer the questions when you get to the interview. This will help you during the interview process.Essay writing jobs are located everywhere. The best places to apply for an essay writing job are in your c ollege or university. Many colleges and universities offer such positions as part of their studies. You should also be able to find many freelance writers that are available for essays for sale jobs as well. You will want to make sure that you do some research to make sure that you are getting the best possible prices and the best possible deals.Essay writing jobs can be found on the internet as well. There are a number of freelance writers that are willing to write and edit essays for various websites. Make sure that you do some research into these sites as well.Essay writing jobs are usually at the higher end of the market. You will want to make sure that you do some research before you apply for a job. There are many essay writing jobs available, but you should be able to find the one that fits your interests and abilities.

University Essay Samples

University Essay SamplesThe next time you want to write a good essay, think about searching for university essay samples. These are writing guides that were written by professors at colleges and universities all over the world. They provide you with an outline of your essay topics and some useful tips for developing it. If you wish to go back to school and get an advanced degree in something, these can be very helpful.Essay samples are not the same for every student. If you are in college, or even if you are a high school graduate, there will be some things you need to look out for when trying to find some examples. One thing you should remember when reading some sample essays is that they tend to focus on one subject area.This might be the English department or perhaps psychology or another course, but the fact is that they tend to have much more to say about subjects like math or science than they do about a wide range of different topic areas. There are thousands of different subj ects that could be studied in a college. Not only this, but it would also be very useful to find an essay guide that deals with a wide range of topics.This is because it is important to learn how to use different types of essay writing before writing your own essay. These essay guides will give you some of the basics of how to start writing a well-written essay, and this is very important. It is extremely difficult to get an essay of any kind right the first time around if you do not know how to compose it.There are two other things you should remember when looking at university essay guides. The first one is that you need to make sure the essay is of good quality. Some of these are written by people who have little knowledge of the subject matter, and so you should avoid these. If you want to be able to write an essay that stands out, you need to take note of how the professor graded his or her assignments.The second thing to do is to search for a guide that provides you with tips for writing a good essay. This can be a hard task to do because you want to get a guide that will help you produce a great essay, but you also need to realize that there are many different types of guides out there. The best type of guide is one that can provide you with an outline of your essay topics and ideas.These university essay samples are very helpful because they are guides that will make it easier for you to learn how to write a good essay. You will want to check out the university guides that are offered by professors. This way, you can get an idea of what you should expect from the type of guide you choose.University essay samples can be very helpful. These help you to learn the basic outline of an essay, and they can also give you tips for writing a great essay. Make sure you learn about the types of university essays that are out there, and then you can choose the best one that fits your needs.

Driver Distraction Campaign Blind By Tac ( Transport...

Driver Distraction campaign: ‘Blind’ by TAC (Transport Accident Commission) Driver Fatigue campaign: ‘Don’t trust your tired self’ by NSW Centre for Road Safety A. Describe the various strategies used to communicate the message of both campaigns (include the slogans, graphics, statistics, media used). (10 marks) 1 ½ page There has been numerous campaigns to raise awareness and reduce accidents and fatalities including ‘Blind’ by TAC (Transport Accident Commission), ‘Get Your Hand Off It’ by NSW Centre for Road Safety,‘Don’t trust your tired self’ by NSW Centre for Road Safety and ‘Stop Revive Survive’ by NSW Centre for Road Safety which identify and attempt to prevent Driver Distraction and Driver Fatigue. ‘Blind’ by Transport†¦show more content†¦However, as soon as he raises his head, there are three cyclists in front of his vehicle, he swerves right instantly, dodging the cyclists narrowly and the camera pans to his strained face. His phone later sounds with a notification (another common modern distraction for many drivers) and he instinctively peeks at the device. The screen turns black again and a grave sounding voiceover narrates that if the driver is distracted for simply two seconds at 50 kilometres per hour, they’ll travel 27 metres blind. When the driver shifts his focus to the road again, there is a schoolgirl alighting from a school bus and there is insufficient time to brake, the car skids forward, the driver hits the child as she screams and he stares in shock. It ends with the slogan ‘distraction leads to disaster’ to reinforce the idea that an interference with a driver’s attention or line of sight will result in consequences such as car crashes or injury. the TAC icon and State Government Victoria icon also appear on the black and white screen as sponsors. The website states that ‘the average person’s reaction time to an event is 1.8 seconds’ which directly impacts the severity of their injury and possibility of an accident. It takes approximately four seconds before a distracted driver can react. There is

The Merchant Of Venice Anti Christian Or Anti Semitic

Is Shakespeare’s play The Merchant of Venice anti-Christian or anti-Semitic? How important is religion in â€Å"The Merchant of Venice†? That depends on who you ask and is based on that person’s interpretation of the play. The Merchant of Venice is controversial between whether it is anti-Christian or anti-Semitic and with good reason. Religion has always been a source of controversy; in Shakespeare’s plays, they are no exception but especially so in the play The Merchant of Venice. In ancient times, people established themselves as doctors and tradesmen, Christians as well as Jews. Even though the Jews started to establish themselves in such primary roles, they could not get away from the abundant feeling that was flourishing through Europe of anti-Semitism. The Jews were exposed to malicious harassments, which led to their being evicted in 1290 by Edward I and were able to return in 1655, when Oliver Cromwell approved Jews to come back to London (Rogers, n.d.). Shakespeare wrote this play in 1597 in the middle of the banishment and reinstatement of the Jews. This was used as a timeline to show the history of what was going on at the time of the writing of the ‘Merchant of Venice’ King Edward I and Oliver Cromwell were split in their reasons for banishing and then reinstating the Jews, Edward I’s scapegoat, and Edward I’s motive was partly due to finances. He banned them from usury (money-lending at interest) in 1275. 1278 brought widespread arrests of Jewish men; manyShow MoreRelated Is The Merchant of Venice an Anti-Semitic Play? Essay1491 Words   |  6 PagesIs The Merchant of Venice an Anti-Semitic Play?      Ã‚   The Merchant of Venice features a Jewish character that is abused and slandered by nearly every character in the play. Throughout the play the behavior of these characters seems justified. In this way, The Merchant of Venice appears to be an anti-Semitic play. However, The Merchant of Venice contains several key instances, which can be portrayed in a way that criticizes anti-Semitism. The first instance occurs in Act 1, scene 3 whenRead MoreA Study of Anti-Semitism in The Merchant of Venice Essay1540 Words   |  7 PagesA Study of Anti-Semitism in The Merchant of Venice ‘The Merchant of Venice’ was written by Shakespeare in 1596 and appeals to both audiences of comedy and tragedy. The play features anti-Semitism which is a response to 1500’s Britain as well as other literature of the time. Anti-Semitism is the term used to describe discrimination towards Jews and Judaism. ‘The Merchant of Venice’ has received both positive and negative comments over the centuries and throughout thisRead MoreMerchant Of Venice Anti Semitic Analysis792 Words   |  4 Pagesbe argued that the play Merchant of Venice is anti-semitic, but in reality the characters in the play are the ones who present the prejudices. The characters in the play express their prejudices through their words and actions. The characters in Merchant of Venice say anti-semitic or offensive things to and about characters they have prejudices against and they act differently toward these characters. Though there are many moments in the play where there are anti-semitic actions it is not the playRead MoreDetermining Whether there is a Presence of Anti-Semitism in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice893 Words   |  4 PagesDetermining Whether there is a Presence of Anti-Semitism in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice It is quite clear when reading The Merchant of Venice that there is a large focus on Shylock being a Jew. This is very prominent in his I am a Jew speech he, the Jewish moneylender, angry and betrayed, rails against the non-Jewish world which torments him. Antonio hath disgraced me, and hindered me half a million, laughed at my losses, mocked at my gains, scorned myRead MoreShakespeare and Anti-Semitism in the Merchant of Venice1489 Words   |  6 PagesAnti-Semitism and the desecration of the Jewish population have been in existence for nearly five thousand years. In the Elizabethan era, a question of anti-Semitism invariably arises. In William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice, we find that one of the characters is the embodiment and expression of anti-Semitic attitude that is pervasive in Elizabethan society. Anti-Semitism was an intricate part in Shakespeares years. Jews were considered vile and scorned upon. Shakespeare presentsRead MoreAnti-Semitism and Racism in the Merchant of Venice1019 Words   |  5 PagesAnti-Semitism and racism in The Merchant Of Venice. Anti-Semitism and the desecration of the Jewish population have been in existence for nearly five thousand years. In William Shakespeares â€Å"The Merchant of Venice†, we find that one of the characters is the subject and expression of anti-Semitic attitude that is persistent in Elizabethan society. William Shakespeares â€Å"The Merchant of Venice† contains many examples that insult Jewish heritage because they were the minority in London in ShakespeareanRead MoreRacism And Prejudice By William Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice Essay1699 Words   |  7 Pagesreligion and what they believe in, however there is racism and prejudice present in the world. William Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice is one of his most controversial plays. Written in the 16th century England, the play poses many questions concerning racial, religious and human differences due to anti-semitism being very common at the time. The story is set in Venice where a merchant named Antonio lived. His poor friend Bassanio wants to charm and marry a lovely, rich girl of Belmont called PortiaRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice1320 Words   |  6 PagesIn England’s history, the Elizabethan era was notorious for its anti-Semitism. Jews were segregated by being forced to wear a red hat when outside of the ghetto, and were treated as inferior to the rest of the city. William Shakespeare’s play The Merchant of Venice exhibits the prejudicial attitudes of his era. Antonio, a Christian merchant, makes a deal with Shylock, a Jewish moneylender. Shylock uses it as an opportunity to exact revenge by demanding a pound of Antonio’s flesh if he does not meetRead MoreExamples Of Anti-Semitism In The Merchant Of Venice1091 Words   |  5 Pageswith Jewish slurs, anti-Semitic remarks, and no justice for the main Jewish character is, in theory, seen as despicable. After the Holocaust, all J ewish slurs and stereotypes, like calling someone â€Å"dog Jew† or thinking Jews only care about money, have been exiled from moral society. This even applies to pieces of art that were produced pre-Holocaust. However, William Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice is not only read, but taught in schools across the nation. The Merchant of Venice provides the taleRead MoreRacial Discrimination In The Merchant Of Venice1496 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscriminated against Jews extensively. This was most prominent in Venice and England. Jews were forced to live on an island called the Ghetto in Venice and were cruelly oppressed throughout history in the Italian city.. In the 1200s, Jews were banned from England. Finally, they started to come back in the 1600s but had limitations because they were known for their high intelligence compared to the English, as well as in Venice. In Venice they were only allowed to be usurers, or loaners that demand high

The On Jews And Their Lies - 1425 Words

On Jews and Their Lies is a pretty explicit title for someone who writes That Jesus Christ was Born a Jew in his youth to defend the idea that Jesus was born of the â€Å"seed of Abraham,† that is to say that he was born a Jew (Marius, 1999). Even the title itself: On the Jews and Their Lies, hints at the fact that Luther believes that the Jews are unlikely to convert later in life. He says: First, to set fire to their synagogues or schools. Second, I advise that their houses also be razed and destroyed. Third, I advise that all their prayer books and Talmudic writings, in which such adultery, lies, cursing and blasphemy, are taught, be taken from them. Fourth, I advise that their rabbis be forbidden to teach henceforth on pain of loss of life and limb. Fifth, I advise that safe-conduct on the highways be abolished completely for Jews. Sixth, I advise that ... all cash and treasure of silver and gold be taken from them. Seventh ... Let whomsoever can, throw brimstone and pitch upon them, so much the better ... and if this be not enough, let them be driven like mad dogs from the land (Burston, 2014). These ominous â€Å"commandments† foreshadow and foreground some of what is later to come in Nazi Germany with the reading of these of Luther’s statements, among others, in Protestant churches to incite violence against the Jews. It is no coincidence that Kristallnacht coincides with Luther’s birthday (Burston, 2014). Many Nazis even thought that they were finishing Luther’sShow MoreRelated Anti-Semitism Essay - Martin Luther as Spiritual Icon for Adolf Hitler1172 Words   |  5 PagesThis hatred manifested itself in the frenzy of Nazism and the deaths of six million Jews, the Holocaust as it has come to be known. If someone were to reveal an eight step plan for the removal of Jews from European society, one would readily associate such a plan with Adolf Hitler. One would not, however, think also of Martin Luther, though he himself wrote an essay in 1543 entitled Concerning the Jews and their Lies outlining such a plan. This is not to suggest that Luthe r was akin to Hitler in actionRead MoreThe Film Never Forget You Lie ( 2013 )956 Words   |  4 Pageslives so that the story lives on. They recall parents and children lied to save themselves and others. Furthermore, certain people such as Catholics, Christians and a few extraordinary people became confidants for the Jewish community, lying to save Jews from death. The film covers the emotions of children who survived, their lives inside the walled ghetto and to escaping the gas terrifying chambers of the German concentration camp. This film shows how the lie can be used for positive outcomes fromRead MoreA National Genocide : Why?1109 Words   |  5 Pagesto blame for the many deaths and poor economy that resulted in losing the war, and the Jews were an easy target to blame, the citizens of Germany should have stopped the genocide, because innocent lives were lost, and they should have been more aware of the horrors and tragedies that were happening within their own backyards. Many speculations have been made as to why Hitler and his â€Å"followers† hated the jews enough to murder and slaughter an entire race of them, but many historians can agree thatRead MoreThe Ways We Lie, And Anton Chekhov s The Lady With The Dog Essay1564 Words   |  7 Pagestrust in relationships, and the liar gets stressed in the process of telling lies on top of lies. In Stephanie Ericsson’s â€Å"The Ways We Lie,† and Anton Chekhov’s â€Å"The Lady with the Dog†, the authors show that lying is commonly used for one’s own personal gain. In rare cases people lie in order to help another person or sacrifice themselves for others, for example, when someone is in a survival situation. If someone lies for the sake of helping an individual in a threatening state, it is not for theirRead MoreMein Kampf, By Adolf Hitler883 Words   |  4 Pageswritten by Adolf Hitler. The title Mein Kampf in Germany means my struggle and was published in the s ummer of 1925, followed by his second version in 1927. Mein Kampf was written while he was imprisoned. Four and a Half Years of Struggle against Lies, Stupidity and Cowardice was Hitlers orignally title that he chose. His publisher thought it would have been better to give it a shorter title. Hitler talked about his life and gave ideas of how he would run Germany. He portrayed the Germans as beingRead MoreHow The Nazi s Persecuted The Jews Between 1933-19381395 Words   |  6 PagesNazi’s persecuted the Jews between 1933-1938 This essay is going to discuss the ways in which the Nazi’s persecuted the Jews between the years of 1933 to 1938. Through the rise of Nazism, Nazi beliefs and propaganda, Nuremberg laws and the Kristallnacht in which will be explained in detail, I will provide a knowledge based analysis of pre-war life and the initial lead up to the war. The rise of Nazism Dating back to oldest of human history there was always a hatred for the Jews by others, this hateRead MoreThe Nazis And The Holocaust1385 Words   |  6 PagesJanuary 1933, believed that Germans were â€Å"racially superior† and that Jews, were â€Å"inferior† and were a â€Å"threat† to the German Racial community: this was the idea behind the Holocaust, meaning â€Å"sacrifice by fire†. The Jewish population of Europe stood at over nine million in 1933, most of these Jews lived in countries that the Nazis would soon occupy. By 1945, the Germans and collaborators killed two out of every three European Jews as part of the â€Å"Final Solution†. Hitler strongly believed that everythingRead MoreThe Bitter Truth: A Brief Look at Lying688 Words   |  3 PagesThe Bitter Truth From the moment we learned to speak, our parents taught us that we should be honest. Most people don’t seem to follow this teaching since everyone lies in one way or another. Bella DePaulo, a professor who’s studied the phenomenon of lying, conducted an experiment on one hundred forty-four people. They were instructed to record every lie they told in a journal for a week. Only seven people claimed to have told no lie (â€Å"It’s the Truth†). Honesty is a moral duty, which can only beRead MorePropaganda Is Spreading Of Information1617 Words   |  7 PagesThe information spread through propaganda, can either be negative or positive just as the cause being supported may either be just or unjust. The term has a negative connotation, especially when used in political circles to refer to the rumors and lies politicians tell electorates to turn them against other politicians, governments or so that they end up being voted into office (Trueman). Everyone is sus ceptible to the influence of propaganda. However, its impact is more pronounced among the youthRead MoreThe Holocaust Of The Nazis1383 Words   |  6 PagesJanuary 1933, believed that Germans were â€Å"racially superior† and that Jews, were â€Å"inferior† and were a â€Å"threat† to the German Racial community: this was the idea behind the Holocaust, meaning â€Å"sacrifice by fire†. The Jewish population of Europe stood at over nine million in 1933, most of these Jews lived in countries that the Nazis would soon occupy. By 1945, the Germans and collaborators killed two out of every three European Jews as part of the â€Å"Final Solution†. Hitler strongly believed that everything

Operation Change the Deformed Smile free essay sample

The Background- What is Cleft Lip amp; Palate Cleft lip and cleft palate are birth defects that occur when a baby’s lip or mouth do not form properly. This defect also affects the nose too. These birth defects together are commonly referred to as â€Å"orofacial clefts† which happen early during pregnancy. A baby can have a cleft lip, a cleft palate, or both1. Every year over 19,000 children in Africa are born with clefts. Though completely treatable, less than half get the treatment they desperately need, and this is often because they are too poor to afford the treatment2. Two major factors that affect people with cleft lip and palate that relate to health disparities include psychosocial factors, and socio-cultural stigmas. Where there are psychosocial factors, most adolescents with cleft deformity have problems relating to self concept, peer relationships and appearance which in turn affect their self-esteem, social skills and interaction. Sometimes, the effect leads to Socio-cultural Stigma where most cannot eat or speak properly, arent allowed to attend school or hold a job. Therefore, they face very difficult lives filled with shame and isolation. In some cultures, being born with a cleft is seen as a curse. For instance in Uganda, Africa, every baby born with a cleft is given the name â€Å"Ajok† which means literally, â€Å"cursed by God. † Some newborns are killed or abandoned right after birth. The Success Story- A bold step can make a difference In 2005 while still living in Africa, I visited Loma Linda University with my wife. We were privileged to be invited to a meeting with Adventist Health International, one of LLU’s global outreach initiatives, and an organization that I worked for in Nigeria for 10 years. At the meeting we were informed that Smile Train (a global charity organization for cleft lip and palate treatment) was exploring the possibility of implementing a huge intervention in Africa but was hesitant because they had received feedback from some reliable sources that the deformity was not prevalent in the continent. As Africans we were shocked by this information at the meeting. My wife who was more enthusiastic volunteered to do more research when we returned to Africa as she was more confident of not only its existence, but wide prevalence as well. That bold step she took made her the pioneer that mobilized and identified healthcare specialists in Africa on behalf of Smile Train, LLU and AHI for a training and strategic planning workshop3. As a result, two Pan African Clefts Lips and Palate Conferences (PACCLIPS) were held in Nigeria in 2006 and 20074. Other national cleft care consortiums were also formed. By 2008, the number of successful surgeries in Africa rose from less than 500 in five years to about 4000 in ten months. Currently, Smile Train records about 12,000 free surgeries per year in Africa5. The Strategy- An instance of cultural competence and system building The secret of Smile Trains success story lies in the participatory community mobilization that was employed from the onset. This was achieved through direct interaction and awareness meetings with traditional institutions and other community networks. We contacted local village heads and social clubs to educate them on the myths and misconceptions about the birth defects which unfortunately was a taboo historically. These in turn helped to pass the new knowledge gained down to the community members. The mobilization became even more acceptable because the surgical services rendered were free. This was intentional because of the socio-economic status of most of the patients. The 2006 and 2007 conferences in Nigeria became the fora to establish a sustainable network of African health care professionals. In 2007 the Pan African Association of Cleft Lip amp; Palate (PAACLIP) was established to sustain this noble course6. Currently, Smile Train Africa has about 122 institutional partners with well over 1,000 special surgeons performing surgeries in designated centers across the continent. Conclusion Smile Trains success story provided great inspiration for me as a business administrator and my wife, who was trained as an attorney. It is one of the key factors that have edged us towards public health and social work as we are involved in today. The humble efforts of 2006 and 2007 continue to encourage us to be catalysts in Africa towards eradicating the wide health and social disparity gap in our continent. Indeed, the knowledge I acquired in the Health Disparity and Cultural Competence class will be useful tools as I prepare better for my future career in Africa. References 1. CDC Birth Defects, Facts about Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate NCBDDD. (n. d. ). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved December 10, 2012, from http://www. cdc. gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/cleftlip. html 2. Smile Train Africa. (n. d. ). Smile Train Africa. Retrieved December 10, 2012, from http://smiletrainafrica. org/about_smile_train_facts. php 3. Thio, P. K. (n. d. ). Today News Today Story. Loma Linda University. Retrieved December 10, 2012, from http://www. llu. edu/news/today/today_story. page? id=428 4. Today News Today Story. (n. d. ). Loma Linda University. Retrieved December 10, 2012, from http://www. llu. edu/news/today/today_story. page? id=1022 5. Smile Train Africa. (n. d. ). Smile Train Africa. Retrieved December 10, 2012, from http://smiletrainafrica. org/ 6. PACCLIP A « Smile Train Stories. (n. d. ). Smile Train Stories. Retrieved December 10, 2012, from http://www. smiletrainorg. wordpress. com/tag/pacclip/

Review Article free essay sample

I as most teens spend a lot of time online listening to music. During my time I came across a song called â€Å"Kids† by Current Joys, at the momentI was very confused what could this song be about. That was until I listened to it and figured it out. â€Å"Oh, Im just a kid I never use my brain I only use my heart And my imagination.† In the opening verse, it tells you about being a kid. Carefree, creative and all in all enjoying life. As you continue listening to the song you start to hear the person dealing with the hardships of giving up your childhood. â€Å"Oh Im no longer a kid And everything has changed Theres nothing in my heart And lightning in my brain.† Our childhood is now gone leaving us wondering who and what are we? Everything is different nothing is like it was. We will write a custom essay sample on Review Article or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page What do I do now? Current Joys aka Nick Rattigan is expressing how hard giving up your childhood is no one wants the leave the carefree attitude, childlike ideas, and seeing the good in everyone.

Free Essays on China And The U.s.

China a late developer, lagged behind the west due to the communist revolution in 1949, and rush to industrialized later in the 20th century. However, trying to redeem themselves they are quickly trying to establish a political economy as political and social tensions rise within. The crisis in China will have potential consequences on future relations with the United States. The one dominant hegemon in the international arena is currently the U.S., however in twenty years that could be changed and the U.S. could see China as a challenger. There are multiple factors that will determine the relationship between these super powers such as the reunification of Taiwan and China, North and South Korea, reliance of U.S. allies, steady economic growth and the possibility of democratization. Decisions made by the U.S. will shape the future due to their heavy influence in the international arena. The combination of both realist precautions and liberal ideals will determine future Sino-American relations. From a liberal standpoint, the ultimate goal would be to help â€Å"democratize† China to achieve international democratic peace. The probability of this goal being accomplished within twenty years is unlikely, but can be definitely possible through long-term policy changes in capitalization, free trade and globalization, (Mao, pg. 1). In addition to these goals, the U.S. can actively take part in reunifying critical Asian countries such as North and South Korea, and Taiwan with China to create a democratic environment for a new China. In terms of military and nuclear build-up, these threats would soon disappear because liberals believe that democratic countries have a tendency not to go to war with one another. Liberals would like to ultimately see peaceful international affairs with co-existing emerging powers. Unlike liberals, realists support the containment of the Chinese threat by balancing their power with a stronger Japan a... Free Essays on China And The U.s. Free Essays on China And The U.s. China a late developer, lagged behind the west due to the communist revolution in 1949, and rush to industrialized later in the 20th century. However, trying to redeem themselves they are quickly trying to establish a political economy as political and social tensions rise within. The crisis in China will have potential consequences on future relations with the United States. The one dominant hegemon in the international arena is currently the U.S., however in twenty years that could be changed and the U.S. could see China as a challenger. There are multiple factors that will determine the relationship between these super powers such as the reunification of Taiwan and China, North and South Korea, reliance of U.S. allies, steady economic growth and the possibility of democratization. Decisions made by the U.S. will shape the future due to their heavy influence in the international arena. The combination of both realist precautions and liberal ideals will determine future Sino-American relations. From a liberal standpoint, the ultimate goal would be to help â€Å"democratize† China to achieve international democratic peace. The probability of this goal being accomplished within twenty years is unlikely, but can be definitely possible through long-term policy changes in capitalization, free trade and globalization, (Mao, pg. 1). In addition to these goals, the U.S. can actively take part in reunifying critical Asian countries such as North and South Korea, and Taiwan with China to create a democratic environment for a new China. In terms of military and nuclear build-up, these threats would soon disappear because liberals believe that democratic countries have a tendency not to go to war with one another. Liberals would like to ultimately see peaceful international affairs with co-existing emerging powers. Unlike liberals, realists support the containment of the Chinese threat by balancing their power with a stronger Japan a...

Statistical Critique of an Article Research Paper

Statistical Critique of an Article - Research Paper Example The article clearly identifies the primary concepts/variables in the study and states its hypotheses. The main concepts are perceptions of self-efficacy and CM knowledge and skills. Authors defined these concepts and their applications to the study. Moreover, the study identifies clear independent and dependent variables. The independent variable is the CMT, while the dependent variables are participants’ perceived self-efficacy in managing conflict situations and conflict management knowledge and skills. Aside from having explicit concepts, the article clearly states its hypotheses. Authors are fundamentally concerned of the relationship between CMT and learning. Learning is assessed based on changes in CMT knowledge and skills, as well as perceptions of self-efficacy. Moreover, authors are interested in maximizing self and peer/supervisory ratings. They want to use self, peer, and supervisory performance reviews as methods of broadly assessing the success of CMT in enhancing the CM skills.Aside from determining explicit variables, the study’s introduction provides relevant and sufficient background information that helps readers understand the skills and knowledge being studied because it includes a general introduction on the topic of conflict and discusses the definition of the concept of conflict, the conflicts that traffic officers face, benefits and costs of CMT, review of literature, basics of Hong Kong’s CMT program, theoretical framework, and the hypotheses of the study. The introduction is exhaustive because it outlines the major concepts and elements that readers need to understand the literature on conflict in general, its relation to police work, and the basic components and goals of the CMT being examined. This section answers different â€Å"what† and â€Å"why† questions, which help readers, understand what the study is about and how it responds to the gap in existing literature. Apart from having a relevant and exhaustive introduction, the sampling strategy is appropriate to the small sampling and research question, though not fully discussed. The study followed the train-the-trainer model, and so two groups of participants were assessed, primary level (PL) participants or the trainers for subordinate officers, and secondary level (SL) participants or the end learners of the CMT program. The article did not use random sampling strategy since all participants were assessed. This strategy enables the researchers to fully answer their research question. In addition, the objectives of the article required assessment of all participants. Authors cannot fully understand if the CMT is effective for all participants, if it applied random sampling strategy only. After discussing sampling strategy, this paper notes that the article sufficiently uses descriptive and inferential statistics, as well as qualitative analysis, to present a comprehensive view,

Seizure meds(Advanced pharmacology) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Seizure meds(Advanced pharmacology) - Assignment Example Carbamazepine is absorbed into the small intestines after oral administration rapidly and reliably. Both agents have dose-limited absorption. Referring to the pharmacodynamics, Gabapentin has analgesic properties that are considered therapeutic. Carbamazepine decreases the conductivity of Na+ also inhibits the ectopic discharges and thus alleviates pain. In terms of metabolism, in humans the two drugs undergo metabolism corresponding to N-Methyl metabol though minimally. The drugs do not have interactions with other drugs as they undergo minimal metabolism (Bennet & Simpsons, 2004). Comparison studies for efficacy have been carried out and research conducted shows that Gabapentin is more suited for use as it has clearly shown analgesic effects. This is based on studies conducted and its effects exhibited. The two drugs are used to manage neuropathic pain as the effects of neuropathic pain on the nervous system present same similarities with the pathophysiological phenomena that are observed in convulsing diseases such as epilepsy and therefore anticonvulsant medication is administered in the management of neuropathic pain (Bennet & Simpsons,

Psychopathology Paper Essay Example for Free

Psychopathology Paper Essay Over the  years,  scientists and mental health professionals have made great strides in the treatment of psychological disorders. For example, advances in psychopharmacology have led to the development of drugs that relieve severe symptoms of mental illness. Clinical psychology  is dedicated to the study, diagnosis, and treatment of mental illnesses and other emotional or behavioral disorders. More psychologists work in this field than in any other branch of psychology. In hospitals, community clinics, schools, and in private practice, they use interviews and tests to diagnose depression, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, and other mental illnesses. People with these psychological disorders often suffer terribly. They experience disturbing symptoms that make it difficult for them to work, relate to others, and cope with the demands of everyday life.    Clinical psychologists usually cannot prescribe drugs, but they often work in collaboration with a patient’s physician. Drug treatment is often combined with psychotherapy, a form of intervention that relies primarily on verbal communication to treat emotional or behavioral problems. Over the years, psychologists have developed many different forms of psychotherapy. Some forms, such as psychoanalysis, focus on resolving internal, unconscious conflicts stemming from childhood and past experiences. Other forms, such as cognitive and behavioral therapies, focus more on the person’s current level of functioning and try to help the individual change distressing thoughts, feelings, or behaviors.    The field  of  counseling psychology is closely related to clinical psychology. Counseling psychologists may treat mental disorders, but they more commonly treat people with less-severe adjustment problems related to marriage, family, school, or career. Many other types of professionals care for and treat people with psychological disorders, including psychiatrists, psychiatric social workers, and psychiatric nurses.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As a psychiatric health nurse we works closely with other disciplines to arrive at the most appropriate plan of care for the client and the family. The physician’s responsibility is to make a medical diagnosis when there is sufficient support to determine that a psychiatric problem is present. The taxonomy used to make the medical diagnosis is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, commonly called the DSM-III-R of the American Psychiatric Association. The DSM-III-R uses a biopsychosocial perspective but is considered atheoretical, so that it can be readily accepted and used by all who diagnose the psychiatric client. The nurse assists the process by sharing important information about the client from the nursing history, mental status assessment, and daily observations. A working knowledge of the DSM-III-R is important in maximizing the team effort to help the client. Knowledge of the criteria will help the nurse for deciding on a particular medical diagnosis found in the DSM III-R may help the nurse in making a clinical condition about a nursing diagnosis.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The DSM-III-R is a multiaxial system. The diagnostic criteria are inclusive for each diagnosis and allow room for individual differences within a pattern of behavior by including phrases such as â€Å"at least one of the following† or ‘for at least 6 months†. Five axes constitute the format for a complete psychiatric diagnosis. A five digit coding system is used for the first three axes. Axis I comprises the major mental disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar illness, and substance abuse disorders. A disorder of this nature is usually the main reason the client is seeking help. On the other hand, Axis II comprises the personality disorders and developmental disorders such as paranoid personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder, schizotypal personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, and antisocial personality disorder. This axis separates the patterns of lifestyle and coping that have developed from childhood from the more acute manifestation of behavior in the major mental disorders. Axis III indicates the related physical disorders and conditions that may be influencing the client’s response to the psychiatric problems such fro example, asthma, gastric ulcer, or diabetes. Axis IV indicates the severity of the psychosocial stressors over the past year such as anticipated retirement, natural disaster and change in residence with loss of contact with friends. The Axis V represents the global assessment functioning (GAF) both currently and over the preceding year.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   So how does Axis I differ from Axis II? Now let’s try to compare and contrast their similarities as well as their differences. Under Class A Axis II are the personality disorders; paranoid personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder, and schizotypal personality disorder. Personality is vital to defining who we are as individuals. It involves a unique blend of traits—including attitudes, thoughts, behaviors, and moods—as well as how we express these traits in our contacts with other people and the world around us. Some characteristics of an individual’s personality are inherited, and some are shaped by life events and experiences. A personality disorder can develop if certain personality traits become too rigid and inflexible. People with personality disorders have long-standing patterns of thinking and acting that differ from what society considers usual or normal. The inflexibility of their personality can cause great distress, and can interfere with many areas of life, including social and work functioning. People with personality disorders generally also have poor coping skills and difficulty forming healthy relationships. Unlike people with anxiety disorders, who know they have a problem but are unable to control it, people with personality disorders generally are not aware that they have a problem and do not believe they have anything to control. Because they do not believe they have a disorder, people with personality disorders often do not seek treatment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A paranoid personality disorder applies to a person who displays pervasive and long-standing suspiciousness. This suspicious pattern affects perceptual, cognitive, affective and behavioral functions in specific ways. In person’s with paranoid personalities, perception is extremely acute, intense and narrowly focused in search of clues or the real meaning behind other’s behavior or life events in general. In a cognitive side, the great perceptual distortion is present in paranoid personality. Cognitive disturbances may range from transient ideas of reference, in which a person believe others are giving them special attention or gossiping about them unlike Manic disorder the client is easy going and friendly. The paranoid person’s affective domain reflects a lack of basic trust, extreme suspiciousness, vigilant mistrust, guardedness and hostility. Typically, paranoid person assume a callous, unsympathetic approach to others in an effort to purge themselves of any tendencies to experience humor or affectionate and tender feelings.   For the most part, they remain coldly reserved and on the periphery of events, seldom mixing smoothly with people in social situation, remaining withdrawn, distant and secretive instead.   Rarely do they seem relaxed and unguarded. Unlike with Axis I manic bipolar disorder, Manic clients are self-satisfied, confident and aggressive and feel on top of the world and in control of their destinies, paranoid patient are reserved type while manic is transparent, the manic clients remarks are very similar to free associations, disorganized and incoherent. Manic client is full of ambitious schemes and exaggerations while a paranoid person often engages in verbal interchanges designed to test others honesty. The content of their verbalization usually reflects themes of blame, deceit, control, persecution and self-aggrandizement. Similarities of manic and paranoid personality disorder are that they appear hypervigilant, mobilized and prepared for attack.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Socially detached, shy and introverted persons may be described as having schizoid personality disorder while Schizophrenia is psychotic disorder characterized by disturbances in thought, perception, affect, behavior and communication lasting longer than 6 months. Schizoid refers to persons exhibiting perceptual, cognitive, affective and behavioral patterns that fall within the healthier end of the schizophrenic spectrum. This personality disorder differs from schizotypal personality disorder in that the latter’s symptomatology more closely resembles schizophrenia. In contrast to both schizotypals and schizophrenics, schizoid personalities do not demonstrate odd or eccentric perceptual, cognitive and behavioral patterns.   Persons with schizoid personalities exhibit a distorted pattern of perception, characterized by a reduced ability to attend, select, differentiate and discriminate adequately between and among interpersonal and social sensory inputs while the perception of Depressive disorder clients may be distorted too because of their intense affective states. They perceive the world as strange and unnatural. For instance, a client with deep guilt feelings may interpret the sound of wind in the trees as reproaching voices (illusion) the severely depressed client may less frequently experience hallucinations. Auditory hallucination may be present such as a client may hear voices blaming her or telling her that she is worthless. Illusion and hallucination do not occur in Schizoid personality disorder. They are able to recognize reality despite their faulty interpersonal or social perception. Schizotypal personality disorder is one of a group of conditions called eccentric personality disorders. People with these disorders often appear odd or peculiar. They might display unusual thinking patterns, behaviors, or appearances. People with schizotypal personality disorder might have odd beliefs or superstitions. These individuals are unable to form close relationships and tend to distort reality. In this respect, schizotypal personality disorder can seem like a mild form of schizophrenia—a serious brain disorder that distorts the way a person thinks, acts, expresses emotions, perceives reality, and relates to others. In rare cases, people with schizotypal personality disorder can eventually develop schizophrenia. Additional traits of people with this disorder include the following; dressing, speaking, or acting in an odd or peculiar way, being suspicious and paranoid, being uncomfortable or anxious in social situations because of their distrust of others, having few friends and being extremely uncomfortable with intimacy, tending to misinterpret reality or to have distorted perceptions (for example, mistaking noises for voices), having odd beliefs or magical thinking (for example, being overly superstitious or thinking of themselves as psychic), Being preoccupied with fantasy and daydreaming, tending to be stiff and awkward when relating to others, coming across as emotionally distant, aloof, or cold. Hallucination, and illusion may not be present in schizotypal personality disorder but it is always present in Schizophrenia. There is lack deterioration of functioning in schizopherenia while their no huge deterioration is schizotypal personality, they are also in touch with reality and they are aware of their eccentricities and their deterioration is occurring within a time frame while Schizophrenia is usually diagnosed in people  aged 17-35 years, delusions, false personal beliefs held with conviction in spite of reason or evidence to the contrary, not explained by  that persons cultural context  is present. Their is hallucinations,  perceptions (can be  sound, sight, touch, smell, or taste) that occur in the absence of an actual external stimulus  (Auditory hallucinations, those of voice or other sounds,  are the most common type of hallucinations  in schizophrenia, disorganized, thoughts and behaviors, disorganized speech, catatonic behavior are also manifested. Literature Cited: Million, Theodore Davis Roger. (1996). Disorders of Personality: DSM IV and Beyond. Published by Wiley. Kaplan, Harold, M.D Saddock, Benjamin, M.D. (1990). Modern Synopsis of Psychiatry. Maryland USA. The Williams and Wilkins Company Introduction to Personality Disorder. Capella University. Retrieved March 11, 2008 from http://www.mentalhelp.net/poc/center_index.php?id=8 Personality Disorder. MayoClinic.com. Retrieved March 11, 2008 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/personality-disorders/DS00562/DSECTION=2 Schizophrenia. PSY web. Retrieved March 11, 2008 from http://psyweb.com/Mdisord/jsp/schid.jsp About Clinical Psychology. American Psychological Association. Retrieved March 13,2008 from http://www.apa.org/divisions/div12/aboutcp.html

Henry James And the Art Of Fiction :: essays research papers

â€Å"The only reason for the existence of a novel is that it does attempt to represent life.† Stated Henry James in â€Å"The Art of Fiction† page 437. I agree with Mr. James that feelings and ambitions formed in characters do represent life. The idea of characters and how real they should is represented in page 440. Characters, in my opinion, form the novel itself. It is the characters and incidents corresponding in a novel, which make a good one. There are two kinds of characters: the round character, and the flat character. The round one has contradictions and develops with the progress of the novel. The flat character does not change; if it is good then that is the way it will stay, or if it is bad it will also stay as it is with no progress in it. There are as well minor characters, which are there to help the novel to develop, and make incidents more reasonable. Characters form actions, in my opinion, and actions form the incidents of a novel. In page 438, Mr. James stated that â€Å"the action of men† is â€Å"the task† of writers. It is not only important to show characters’ feelings, but also to see them in action. A novel I would refer to that may get to be the opposite of that statement would be To the Lighthouse by Virginia Woolf. The novel does not have much action, but shows a lot of inner thoughts and feelings of the characters. The time passes by slowly at the beginning of the novel, which may make you feel dull. The story still is a genius one. These form of novels are called â€Å"the stream of consciousness†, and its form goes by hearing characters’ thoughts and their inner emotions. Mr. James prefers, as I interpret, that a novel should have characters combined with the actions they go through. I agree with him, since I find much pleasure in reading such works of fiction. That is of course my own taste, and not my own opinion, since an opinion should be objective. In conclusion, life can be seen in characters, which are in action. Also in corresponding of incidents that can be thought to be logical. If any work of fiction has logical events, and can be taken to be true, then it is a successful one. Any novel does not have to be only a copy of real life.

The Federal Minimum Wage

The federal minimum wage is a hotly debated topic and a main point that invariably separates the beliefs of the Democratic Party platform from the Republican Party platform. Today's federal minimum wage is $7.25 (Jamieson, 2018). The federal minimum wage is determined by the FLSA (Fair Labor Standards Act), and has not been adjusted from a $7.25 hourly wage since July of 2009. Because of the lack of advancement, many states have developed their own methods for determining minimum wage, but federally, any addition or subtraction must first pass directly through the FLSA (United States Department of Labor, 2018). States determine their minimum wage by analyzing their costs of living which differs depending on location, and analyzing their GDP (gross domestic product) per capita (Stoll, 2014). For example, the minimum wage in Montana as of January 1, 2018 is $8.30 per hour whereas in Massachusetts, where the cost of living is greatly increased, the hourly minimum wage is $11.00. There are 29 states that have an increased minimum wage adjusted specifically to the state's cost of living. The wages in these states range from $7.50 to $12.50 per hour (United States Department of Labor, 2018). Even though many states already increase their minimum wage many people living in the United States claim that the federal minimum wage is entirely too low. The preponderance of evidence suggests that increasing the federal minimum wage would have little effect on poverty and would in time reduce job security and increase unemployment. Other factors that could potentially be affected by an increase in the federal minimum wage include consumer prices, suppressed wages for higher skilled workers, and an increase in outsourcing. Prior to the 2016 election the Democratic Party platform was updated and members decided to adopt a $15 per hour minimum wage. They claim that $15 an hour is the only way that American workers can survive and support their families. The push towards an increase in federal minimum wage began in New York City four years ago when a group of fast-food workers went on strike. The movement caught the attention of many popular political figures and eventually the members grouped together to form the #fightfor15 movement (Seitz-Wald, 2016). Experts that claim the federal minimum wage is not sufficient to support a family and live comfortably argue that an increase to the federal minimum wage would provide an â€Å"important lift† to over 2.2 million people in the United States (Lu, 2017). Usually these experts begin their arguments stating that the federal minimum wage real amounts have eroded nearly 25% since 1968 (Scott & Perez, 2017). The federal minimum wage amounts to only $15,080 annually for full time employment. $15,080 is such a low annual income, experts predict that it is one of the main reasons why living standards have declined nationwide. This number may also contribute to the decline in economic stability, and the shrinking middle class (Lu, 2017). On a national level, supporters of the minimum wage increase provide data that proves the federal minimum wage should be at least $12.00 per hour based on the United States' GDP. A poll taken by The Economist reports that over 1.3 million people work at minimum wage, and nearly 1.7 million work below it, thus meaning these employees are not paid hourly rather are tipped employees (Komlos, 2015). Many people would associate a push for minimum wage strictly with larger cities and areas where the cost of living is significantly above average, however even in Montana, a republican dominated state, many citizens still are pushing for a higher minimum wage. Swartz, a home care worker residing in Great Falls, Montana claims that the amount she makes working for three caregiving agencies is simply not enough to support herself comfortably. The three agencies all pay over both the federal minimum wage and Montana's state minimum wage but due to the inconsistency of job hours she claims that making ends meet every month can be a difficult task. Swartz claims that typically some parts of low-wage workers are â€Å"overlooked†. People who do not make low wages and are not forced to work 70+ hour work weeks do not understand the struggle. Swartz also states that â€Å"Home-care workers, who help people stay in their homes and live with dignity, deserve a $15-an-hour minimum wage.† Attached to Swartz's article is a report published by The Alliance for a Just Society, which claims that the living wage in Montana is $14.36 an hour for a single person with no dependents. Montana determines their state minimum wage using the Consumer Price Index, and updates it annually according to the index. Still however, 3,329 Montana employees earn minimum wage which makes up about 1.2% of the entire workforce. Over half of Montana's minimum wage workers are older than 25 and over 60% are women (Jay, 2016). Beginning January 1, 2018 Montana again raised its minimum wage standard to $8.30 per hour. Governor Steve Bullock addressed the issue in an email that read â€Å"People who work full time for a living shouldn't be living in poverty. This modest increase in minimum wage means more Montana workers will have a little extra money in their pockets,† The workers who Bullock may have been addressing include workers in the accommodations and food industry and also the retail trade industry who are recurrently the largest number of workers that receive minimum wage (Tribune Capital Bureau, 2017). On the contrary, many experts counterclaim that an increase in minimum wage is not the extreme â€Å"poverty tool† that the Democratic Party is hoping for. In fact, one of the biggest arguments against raising minimum wage is the idea of individual states already taking care of the low wage issue. As stated previously Montana, is one of 29 states that already adopted a minimum wage that is higher than the federal minimum wage, and many experts believe that if states were to adjust their incomes according to their cost of living, etc. that would be better fitting rather than adjusting the entire nation's minimum wage. Dr. Simon Johnson, MIT Sloan expert, claims that raising the federal minimum wage would actually have unintended consequences, in the sense of reducing hiring and potentially increasing unemployment. He states â€Å"It is unlikely that states with lower living costs would be able to support a $15 per hour minimum wage increase, while keeping hiring processes and current employment rates the same.† He proposes a gradual, stepwise increase to the minimum wage that would occur over time. A drastic increase to $15 per hour would be too abrupt and would have career-changing consequences. A study completed by Harvard's Economic Department points out that most minimum wage earners are second or third job holders in households with other income sources. This could include teenagers, summer employees, etc. Another group that comes to mind when thinking about minimum wage workers is retirees who already receive financial benefits from savings and social security. It is unlikely that an increase in minimum wage would truly benefit the nation, simply because some people working for minimum wage are not attempting to support dependents or themselves entirely. Usually, they are people who are looking for a little extra money rather than needing money to pay for utilities, a house, a car, etc. An even more concerning drawback of raising minimum wage is the elimination of jobs. If the United States government were to demand businesses to pay entry-level workers $15 an hour there would be a huge decrease in job security and job availability. Because, most businesses do not pay entry-level workers at this wage, if they were required to do so, they may attempt to find other means of labor including robots, computers, or other advanced technology. In fact, the Nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office estimated that former President Obama's proposed $10.10 minimum wage, once fully implemented and in use, â€Å"would reduce total employment by about 500,000 workers.† Below is a political cartoon that shows the adverse effects of raising the current minimum wage. Although, many low-wage workers support and advocate for the idea of earning a $15 per hour wage, its effects could actually be deteriorating. Statistics show that raising the federal minimum wage to $15.00 per hour the United States risks eliminating roughly 550,000 part-time jobs and even if the minimum wage was raised to only $9.50 per hour nearly 1.3 million jobs could be lost. Previously, the United States has raised the minimum wage from $5.15 to $7.25, and adversely only 15 percent of the workers who were expected to gain from it lived in poor households. If the minimum wage today were to be raised to $9.50 per hour, only 11 percent of current minimum wage workers living in poverty would gain from this increase. In 2012, a study completed by the Wilson Review claims that both state and federal minimum wage increases between 2003 and 2007 had no effect on state poverty rates. Thus, proving the idea that increasing minimum wage does not provide a tool for lowering poverty levels. David Neumark and William Wascher performed over 100 minimum wage studies and found that about two-thirds of the studies had negative effects on unemployment. Thus, meaning that with an increase in minimum wage business owners and corporations would be forced to decrease their labor force and potentially cut long-time in employees in order to compensate for the wage increase. Half of the country's workforce is employed by small businesses. Raising the federal minimum wage is often cast largely as a necessity to ensure that many workers are able to earn a decent living, but in reality it's a complex issue. An example of this complexity has occurred in Oakland California in March of 2015 after they increased their statewide minimum wage by 36%, from $9.00 to $12.25 per hour. The effects are varying but some restaurants have raised their food pricing by nearly 20%, or adding a mandatory service charge and doing away with voluntary tips. The issue, business owners recognize and are working hard to resolve is finding the balance between paying a decent wage and keeping customers rather than driving them away. Some people claim that aside from the direct cost of doing business from salaries, they are also paying more for goods and services in their own communities. They question whether or not a higher wage will raise the cost of living for all employees, including those who currently earn a high-wage. Critics who are against raising the minimum wage also claim that if every entry-level worker was paid $15 an hour to begin with, many would lose incentive to get an education and move up to a higher-paying jobs. Ira Stoll, a minimum wage evaluator, states that † The lower the minimum wage, the more eager a minimum wage worker would be to enroll in a community college course at night, improve his/her skills, and apply for a higher-paying job.† Stoll also states that, â€Å"Making the entry-level jobs higher paying increases the risk that workers will get stuck in them for longer instead of moving on to something more rewarding. â€Å"Another point that many supporters fail to bring about is the idea of freedom of contract. This freedom is not directly protected by the constitution, but it as seen as a â€Å"natural right† and should be exercised. President Kennedy once said â€Å"The rights of man come not from the generosity of the state but from the hand of God. † Thus, meaning that if two free people want to enter into a voluntary contract or agreement that does not infringe on anyone else's rights or wellbeing the government has no right to step in and stop the deal that is being made. Experts use the idea of freedom of contract to prove that the government should not be involved in every contract made between two people. If a man wants to work for another for $5 an hour, and the other man wants to hire him and pay him $5 an hour than the government should have no authority to infringe on this deal. Raising the federal minimum wage would also affect welfare spending and could potentially increase taxes. Raising the federal minimum wage puts money into the pockets of the working poor people, but this occurs at the expense of business owners. By raising the minimum wage, politicians are taking the roundabout approach of minimum wage increase, rather than building actual political support for these policies. A report published by the Cato Institute claims that evidence shows minimum wage increase â€Å"disproportionately hurt the people they're supposed to help.† In this article the Institute cites a 2012 analysis of the New York State minimum wage increase from $5.15 to $6.75 per hour that found a â€Å"20.2 to 21.8 percent reduction in the employment of younger, less-educated individuals. † They also note that since 1995, eight studies have examined the income and poverty effects of minimum wage increases, and all but one of those studies have found that past minimum wage hikes had no effect on poverty.One of the largest concerns expert's share about a federal minimum wage increase is the impact it would entail on consumer prices. Basically, to raise minimum wage means to pay more people more money which has to be supplied from somewhere. Experts against the increase claim that the extra money will come from increased consumer prices. The 2012 Wilson Review notes: â€Å"A 2004 review of more than 20 minimum wage studies looking at price effects found that a 10 percent increase in the U.S. minimum wage raises food prices by up to 4 percent.† To back up this idea a report posted by the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago states that restaurant prices increase in response to minimum wage increases. The federal minimum wage is at a lower real value than it once was, but in order to change it law makers are going to have to look deeper into the problem rather than attempting to change the outcome quickly by increasing the minimum wage in all states to $15.00 hourly. Our country is unique in the nature that each state is able to make and regulate their own minimum wage and this matter is better dealt with inside certain states than from the federal government as a whole. There is most definitely a need in the United States to implement a method to decrease the rising poverty level, but this method should not be an increase in federal minimum wage because this method is directly related to rising prices, higher unemployment, job loss, and lack of job security. Small businesses, as stated previously, make up approximately 50% of the nation's workforce and if the government were to demand these businesses to pay their starting employees $12 or more, the businesses would be forced to either higher less people, lay off long term workers, or even more devastating, shutdown. This method proves ineffective in decreasing the families living underneath the poverty line and instead harms those workers who are higher-skilled and higher-paid.

AP US Government and Politics What Score Do You Need

AP United States Government and Politics is one of the more popular Advanced Placement subjects, and over 325,000 took the AP exam for the course. A high score on the AP U.S. Government and Politics exam will sometimes fulfill a colleges history or social science requirement. Many schools will require a minimum score of a 4 or even a 5 to earn credit. About the AP U.S. Government and Politics Exam The AP U.S. Government and Politics exam covers the U.S. Constitution, political beliefs, political parties, interest groups, the media, the institutions of the national government, public policy, and civil rights. If a college offers course credit for the exam, it will typically be in Political Science or American History. The table below presents some representative data from a variety of colleges and universities. This information is meant to provide a general overview of the scoring and placement practices related to the AP U.S. Government and Politics exam. For other schools, youll need to search the colleges website or contact the appropriate Registrars office to get AP placement information, and even for the schools listed, be sure to check with the institution to get the most recent placement guidelines. AP placement recommendations change frequently. AP U.S. Government and Politics Score Information In 2018, 326,392 students took the AP United States Government and Politics exam. The mean score was a 2.70, and 53% of test-takers earned a score of 3 or higher and might qualify for college credit. The distribution of scores for the AP U.S. Government and Politics exam is as follows: AP U.S. Government and Politics Score Percentiles (2018 Data) Score Number of Students Percentage of Students 5 43,410 13.3 4 43,253 13.3 3 86,180 26.4 2 79,652 24.4 1 73,897 22.6 To learn more specific information about the AP U.S. Government and Politics exam, be sure to visit the official College Board website. Scores Needed for Credit AP U.S. Government and Politics Scores and Placement College Score Needed Placement Credit Georgia Tech 4 or 5 POL 1101 (3 semester hours) Grinnell College 4 or 5 4 semester credits; no placement LSU 4 or 5 POLI 2051 (3 credits) MIT 5 9 general elective units Mississippi State University 4 or 5 PS 1113 (3 credits) Notre Dame 5 Political Science 10098 (3 credits) Reed College 4 or 5 1 credit; exam may satisfy prerequisites Stanford University - no credit or placement for the AP U.S. Government and Politics exam Truman State University 3, 4 or 5 POL 161 American National Government (3 credits) UCLA (School of Letters and Science) 3, 4 or 5 4 credits and fulfills American History requirement Univeristy of Michigan 3, 4 or 5 Political Science 111 (4 credits) Yale University - no credit or placement for the AP U.S. Government and Politics exam Youll notice that top public institutions (Michigan, UCLA, Georgia Tech) are more likely to offer placement and accept 3s and 4s on the exam than top private institutions such as MIT, Stanford, and Yale. Score and Placement Info for Other AP Topics Biology  |  Calculus AB  |  Calculus BC  |  Chemistry  |  English Language  |  English Literature  |  European History  |  Physics 1  |  Psychology  |  Spanish Language  |  Statistics  |  U.S. History  |  World History A Final Word About AP Classes Although the Advanced Placement US Government and Politics exam isnt accepted for credit or placement by all colleges and universities, the course has other value. Most significantly, when youre applying to colleges the rigor of your high school curriculum will often be the most important factor considered in an admissions decision. Colleges want to see that you have taken the most challenging courses available to you, and Advanced Placement courses play an important role in this piece of the admissions equation. Also, the knowledge you gain from the US Government and Politics class will provide you with valuable information that can help in college classes in fields such as history, political science, social science, government, and literature.